Long-term changes in forest floor processes in southern Appalachian forests

Soil nutrient concentrations decreased in an aggrading southern Appalachian forest over a 20-year period. Construction of nutrient budgets showed significant nutrient sequestration aboveground including increased forest floor mass. We hypothesized that the changes in forest floor mass resulted from decreased litter decomposition rates because of decreased litter quality. In 1992 and 1993, we repeated a litter decomposition experiment conducted in 1969 and 1970 to test this hypothesis. In addition, we examined microarthropod populations and functional groups as litter decomposed. For four of the five species tested, first-year decomposition rates were about the same in both experiments. Initial litter nutrient concentrations of P were lower in all tree species in the most recent sampling. N, Ca, and Mg concentrations also declined in some species. These declines often resulted in decreased nutrient release rates during decomposition. Microarthropod populations differed significantly among litter species, as well as between years (probably resulting from differences in growing-season rainfall). For some litter species we found significant relationships between microarthropod populations and nutrient concentration (primarily C and N); however, most r²-values were low. Data suggest that changes in forest floor mass probably resulted from decreased litter quality and that those changes may have an effect on microarthropod populations.     

Effects of chronic acid fog exposure with soil acidification or nitrogen loading on nutrient status in Abies firma seedlings

To clarify the nutrient status in momi fir (Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc.) seedlings under complex stress conditions of acid fog with soil acidification or nitrogen loading, we exposed seedling shoots to simulated acid fog (pH 3) and simultaneously loaded the soil with acid or excess nitrogen for 17 months. Proton and nitrogen loading reduced K concentration in soil, but these treatments had little effect on the nutrient status of fine roots in momi fir seedlings. Acid fog exposure resulted in reduced concentrations of Mg, Al, and Fe in current-year needles and Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn in 1-year-old needles. The complex effects of acid fog exposure with proton or nitrogen loading on nutrient status were relatively slight. However, elements such as Al and Cu notably reflect the effects of proton loading. These results show that the nutrient status of trace elements, rather than major elements, in needles of momi fir seedlings is sensitive to exposure to acid fog or proton loading.     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in agroforestry at different fertilizer levels

The Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa) is a frequent component of agroforestry systems in the Amazon because of its adaptation to nutrient-poor upland soils and multiple uses.We investigated the aboveground biomass production(kg dry weight),nutrient uptake and requirements(N,P,Ca,Mg,K) of Brazil nut trees of different sizes grown under agroforestry conditions and fertilized at different levels.Eight of 70 experimental trees with different size were harvested and stem,branches and leaves were separated.Nutrient contents were determined for three trees of varying size.Average tree growth was fast,but variability was high,suggesting considerable potential for the improvement of this economically important species.The trees responded to increased levels of fertilizer and lime with significantly increased foliar nutrient contents and growth,probably because of the improved availability of Mg and Ca for which the species seems to have a relatively high demand.In contrast to Brazil nut trees grown in forest or dense plantations,the agroforestry trees invested a substantial part of their biomass and nutrients in large branches and developed spreading crowns.To improve stem form,reduce competition with associated crops for light and recycle nutrients,regular pruning of lower branches or planting arrangements that favor self-pruning are recommended.These measures would also increase the recycling of Ca and Mg,large quantities of which are contained in the branches.     

不同铵硝配比对辣椒产量、养分积累和氮肥利用率的影响

通过设施大棚辣椒盆栽试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、铵态氮与硝态氮的氮质量比分别为0:100(A0N100)、25:75(A25N75)、50:50(A50N50)、100:0(A100N0)5个处理,研究不同铵硝态氮配比对辣椒产量、养分积累和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,不同铵硝配比处理增加了辣椒的果实数、鲜果...     

不同日龄略阳乌鸡生长发育观测及屠宰差异分析

为了探究略阳乌鸡在当前舍饲+放养的饲养模式下不同日龄的生长发育、屠宰性能差异性,采用饲养试验观测和测定了不同日龄略阳乌鸡公、母鸡的外貌、体重、屠宰性能和肉质营养分析等指标,并对试验数据进行了分析。结果表明：略阳乌鸡体重随着日龄的增大而增大,大日龄鸡的体重极显著地高于小日龄鸡,且公鸡体重极显著地高于同期母鸡;120d之后,略阳乌鸡外貌发育基本达到成年鸡要求;略阳乌鸡在150d测定的各项屠宰指标、鸡胸肉中蛋白质和脂肪含量均高于120d;鸡胸肉中全氨基酸（TAA）、必需氨基酸（EAA）和非必须氨基酸(NEAA)含量在日龄和性别间无显著差异。研究结果可为略阳乌鸡出栏时间的确定提供了一定数据参考。     

不同覆膜材料对旱地农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响

为探索不同覆膜材料对旱地农田土壤理化性质以及春玉米产量的影响,试验设置五种覆膜处理（T1: 0.01 mm普通聚乙烯地膜, T2: 0.01 mm降解地膜, T3: 0.007 mm降解地膜, T4: 0.006 mm降解地膜, CK: 裸地）,研究不同覆膜材料对土壤水热状况、养分含量、以及春玉米产量指标的影响。结果表明：T1和T2处理的0~25 cm土层的土壤温度较其他处理高0.82~6.05℃,0~40 cm土层的土壤水分高于其他处理0.42%~ {4.44% }。在0~20 cm土层中,T2处理的土壤碳、氮含量及腐殖酸含量较其他处理高 {4.69%~ }59.24%。T1和T2处理下春玉米的产量指标和水分利用效率均显著高于CK处理（P＜0.05）。并且T2处理的穗粗和穗粒数最高,秃尖率最低。研究表明,T2处理有助于改善旱地春玉米农田土壤理化性质,增加产量、提高品质,可作为春玉米高产环保栽培的覆膜材料。     

基于江苏茶园施肥及空间分布特性分析江苏茶园可持续发展

【目的】茶树是一种多年生作物,现已成为我国乡村致富的重要产业,为了掌握江苏茶园土壤养分现状及施肥方式对茶园养分环境的影响分析。【方法】通过对江苏省主产茶128个茶园施肥方式进行调研,测定其有机质、pH值、碱解氮、速效磷、全钾以及钙、镁等微量元素及部分重金属物质含量,同时对经纬度和不同茶园营养元素之间的相关性进行分析。【结果】江苏茶园pH值介于3.82～6.14之间,有机质含量介于11.10～29.4g/kg之间,碱解氮含量介于42.23～119.45mg/kg之间;速效磷含量介于13.75～289.71mg/kg之间;全钾含量介于53.61～79.35g/kg之间;有机质含量与取样点经纬度均存在显著相关关系(相关系数分别为0.7430和-6910),同时土壤全钾含量与取样点经度均存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.820),与取样点纬度存在显著正相关关系(r=0.6992),有机质含量与碱解氮和速效磷含量显著正相关(r=0.8319和r=0.6681),与速效钾含量间存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.9093);土壤pH值和镍元素之间存在极显著正相关关系(r=0.9049)。【结论】尿素的大量施用是导致江苏茶园土壤酸化严重的重要原因,总体而言,江苏茶园土壤总体肥力较好,部分茶园存在酸化现象,茶园有机质含量越高,碱解氮和有效磷含量越高,有效钾含量越低。施肥习惯应结合有机肥(菜籽饼)与尿素相结合的方式,并注意土壤改良剂的应用和尿素的施用,更有利于茶园营养物质的可持续利用和高质量发展。     

草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘有机碳、氮、磷收支研究

为研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)–鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)–鲫(Carassius carassius)零换水池塘营养盐收支状况,阐明其零换水机制,以草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘为实验组,以草鱼–鳙–鲫常规换水池塘为对照组,开展了为期2年的池塘有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)收支的研究。结果显示,2组池塘TOC、N、P的主要来源均为饲料投入,分别为77.06%和81.00%,92.08%和92.77%,94.18%和95.63%;TOC、N、P的主要输出途径均为底泥积累,分别占输入营养盐的43.32%和22.10%,61.40%和52.82%,78.71%和79.58%。2组池塘养殖鱼类收获分别占输入碳(C)、N、P的10.08%和13.05%,21.00%和25.57%,15.41%和18.60%。零换水池塘的C、N、P水体积累量和积累率均显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),其积累率分别降低92.91%、88.52%和87.12%。零换水池塘的N、P底泥积累量显著高于常规池塘,但C、N底泥积累率显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别降低了48.99%和13.97%。零换水池塘养殖鱼类的C、N、P利用率均显著高于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别提高了29.49%、21.72%和20.65%。研究表明,零换水模式能降低营养盐积累,有效提高系统物质利用率,是一种绿色高效养殖模式,具有较好的推广价值。     

Nutritional composition of rotifers following a change in diet from yeast and emulsified oil to microalgae

Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae.     

营养面积和行株距配置对红香芋植株光合特性及产量品质的影响

以地方品种‘建昌红香芋’为材料,设置6个植株配置组合,研究其对植株生长、冠层特征、光合参数及球茎产量品质等指标的影响,以探讨营养面积和行株距配置对芋植株光合特性及产量品质的影响。结果表明,单株营养面积越小,芋植株株高越高,叶片开展度越低。在营养面积为0.165m2和0.220m2的条件下,宽窄行为(70+40)cm的植株冠层光合有效辐射透过率显著高于宽窄行为(80+30)cm的植株,而光合有效辐射截获率则相反。株距为30cm的芋植株叶面积指数和冠层光合有效辐射截获率最大,冠层光合有效辐射透过率最小,植株的净光合速率(Pn)最低,其单株球茎产量最低,品质最差。株距为35cm时,芋植株具有较高的Pn,形成的单位面积球茎产量最高,品质最好。说明,合理的营养面积和行株距配置可有效调控芋植株冠层形态结构和光合有效辐射(PAR),影响光合作用,并最终影响球茎产量和品质。